Unit: 11
11. 1. When
Rules:
When is used with the past tense.
1. When + simple past, + simple past.
When + [sub+V2 + obj], + [Sub +V2 + Obj]
[if there is no gap between two events, or the second action is happened due to the reaction of the first event.]
2. When + simple past, + past perfect
When + [sub + had + V3 + obj], + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[If there is gap between two events, or the second event is happened when the first action is finished]
3. We should not write ‘and’ or ‘but’ between two clauses. We should put comma (,) between them.
4. If there is no subject in the second clause we have to put the subject of the first clause.
Q. Change the following sentences using “When” instead of ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. She peeled the banana and gave it to the baby.
When she had peeled the banana, she gave it to the baby.
2. I looked in the fridge and found some sausages.
When I looked in the fridge, I found some sausages.
3. The security man searched our hand baggage and we boarded the plane.
When the security men had searched our hand baggage, we boarded the plane.
4. He kicked the dog and it barked.
When he kicked the dog, it barked.
5. I went to the duty free shop and bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
When I went to the duty free shop, I bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
6. The plane took off and the stewardess came round with orange juice.
When the plane had taken off, the stewardess came round with orange juice.
7. He drank the coffee and asked for another cup.
When he had drunk the coffee, he asked for another cup.
8. I paid my bill and left the restaurant.
When I had paid my bill, I left the restaurant.
9. He put his foot on the brake but nothing happened.
When he put his foot on the brake, nothing happened.
10. I read the letter and threw it into the wastepaper basket.
When I had read the letter, I threw it into the wastepaper basket.
11. I read his autobiography and discovered what a strange person he had been.
When I had read his autobiography, I discovered what a strange person he had been.
11.2 As Soon As
1. As soon as + simple past +simple past.
As soon as + [sub+V2 + obj], + [Sub +V2 + Obj]
[if there is no gap between two events, or the second action is happened due to the reaction of the first event.]
2. As soon as + simple past, + past perfect
As soon as + [sub + had + V3 + obj], + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[If there is gap between two events, or the second event is happened when the first action is finished]
3. We should not write “and immediately”, “immediately after”, “and then”, “and”. We should put comma (,) between them.
4. If there is no subject in the second clause we have to put the subject of the first clause.
5. We should put the first happened action first.
Q. change the sentences below using as soon as.
1. They saw the house and immediately fell in love with it.
As soon as they saw the house, they fell in love with it.
2. I wrote the letter and posted it straight away.
As soon as I had written the letter, I posted it straight away.
3. He got his exam results and immediately rang up his parents.
As soon as she had got his exam results, he rang up his parents.
4. The train passed and immediately the crossing barrier went up.
As soon as the train had passed, the crossing barrier went up.
5. He got married again immediately after his wife’s death.
As soon as his wife had died, he got married again.
6. He left the house straight after breakfast.
As soon as he had taken his breakfast, he left the house.
7. I looked into her eyes and knew immediately that she was she girl for me.
As soon as I looked into her eyes, I knew that she was the girl for me.
11.4. Getting the order right.
Rules:
Right order:
If the two works are put accordingly we have to do, that is right order.
A: [Sub + v2 + obj] + before + [Sub + V2 +obj]
B: [Sub +didn’t + V1 + obj] + until + [sub + had + V3 + obj]
C: Sub +V2 + obj (result)
Wrong order:
If the two works are not put accordingly we have to do, that is wrong order.
A: [Sub + didn’t + V1 + obj] + before + [Sub + V2 +obj]
B: [Sub + V2 + obj] + before + [sub + had + V3 + obj]
C: Sub +V2 + obj (result)
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1. resigned/found another job (W. O.)
A: He didn’t find another job before he resigned.
B: He resigned before he had found another job.
C: He became jobless.
2. Checked his change/left the shop (R. O)
A: He checked his change before he left the shop
B: He didn’t leave the shop until he had checked his change.
C: He was not deceived.
3. Started driving the car/insured it (W.O)
A: He didn’t insure the car before he started driving it.
B: He started driving the car before he had insured it.
C: He had an accident.
4. signed the contract/read it (W. O.)
A: He didn’t read the contract before he signed it.
B: He signed the contract before he had read it.
C: He was cheated.
5. had a good breakfast/set out (R. O.)
A: He had a good breakfast before he set out.
B: He didn’t set out until he had a good breakfast.
C: He was no longer hungry.
6. fastened her seat belt/drove off (R. O.)
A: She fastened her seat belt before she drove off.
B: She didn’t drive off until she had fastened her seat belt.
C: She was safe in the accident.
7. wiped his feet/came in (R. O.)
A: He wiped his feet before he came in.
B; He didn’t come in until he had wiped his feet.
C: He kept his room clean.
11.6 Practice
Q. Develop the sentences below as the expression of unexpected events.
1. [Sub + had only just + V3 + Obj] + when + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
2. [No sooner +had + sub + V3 +obj] + than [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[Sub +V2 +obj] = any unexpected event.
1. The audience came out of the cinema…..
a) The audience had only just come out of the cinema when the building collapsed.
b) No sooner had the audience come out of the cinema than the building collapsed.
2. I reached the shore…..
a) I had only just reached the shore when the storm broke out.
b) No sooner had I reached the shore than the storm broke out.
3. I left the island….
a) I had only just left the island when the volcano erupted.
b) No sooner had I left the island than the volcano erupted.
4. I changed all my dollars into sterling…
a) I had only just changed all my dollars into sterling when the value of dollars went down.
b) No sooner had I changed all my dollars into sterling than the value of dollars went down.
5. We got the harvest in…
a) We had only just got the harvest in when it started raining.
b) No sooner had we got the harvest in than it started raining.
6. She insured the painting….
a) She had only just insured the painting when it was stolen.
b) No sooner had she insured the painting than it was stolen.
7. I sold my house……
a) I had only just sold my house when it collapsed.
b) No sooner had I sold my house than it collapsed.
Composition (Page 114) Paragraph writing
1. Happiness
Happiness
It is difficult to define what happiness is. In general sense, happiness it just the state of our mind when we are satisfied. So, mental satisfaction is happiness. Every person in the world wants to be happy but he /she couldn’t get it. Some people think that money and power give us happiness, but it is not so. Self satisfaction is happiness. In Mahabharata, It is said that we become happy when we leave our desire. Our greed and our desire make us unsatisfied what we have because we need more money and other property, then we become sad. It really depends on you. You choose to be happy because happiness never comes to a person. You see, a person (a man or woman or people) has the ability to choose. Maybe Happiness is a virtue. It is a feeling. It is a perspective. Happiness is not a permanent state, and no matter what we get, we will always swing between happiness and sadness. Just look at the miserable rich people out there. In terms of income, it has been shown that once we have a roof over our heads and food on the table, increasing amounts of money cannot buy more happiness.
2. Jealousy
Jealousy
Jealousy is unhappy and angry feeling at other’s progress. If we think we couldn’t do what a next person does, we become angry with his progress that is jealousy. For example when the mother gives delicious food to a small baby it makes the old child jealous. Sometime we become jealous even at out friend’s progress. It is a human nature to be jealous. But it shouldn’t be destructive. We should take it as for the encouragement of our own progress. If we only burn at the other’s progress, we could do nothing in our life and it would be harmful to us. For example when a boy is walking with another girl, his girlfriend becomes jealous. In films and plays we see that they become take revenge due to jealousy. If we become much jealous, it will ruin our life.
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