Unit: 3
3.2. Previous Events:
Rule:
A: Given sentence
B: Why? What had happened?/ What had +Sub +done?
A. Well, Sub + had + V3 +object, and +Sub +had +v3 + obj.
Have similar conversation of the following remarks.
a) When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
A: When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, he had grown beard, and he had kept long moustache.
b) They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
A: They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, they had killed a man and robbed his house.
c) The fireman received a medal for bravery.
A: The fireman received a medal for bravery.
B: Why? What happened?
A: Well, he had saved a baby from a burning house and he had saved a lot of property.
d) It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
A: It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the shopkeeper had added extra money and he hadn’t included VAT.
e) When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
A: When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, she had lost her purse, and my mother had scolded her.
f) I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
A: I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
B: Why? What had happened?
A; Well, I hadn’t paid my loan, and I hadn’t informed him anything.
g) My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
A: My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the washing machine had been broken, and I had kept it in higher temperature.
h) They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
A: They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
B: Why? What had happened?
B: Well, They had been to Pokhara, and they had enjoyed visiting Phewa Lake.
3.3 Previous activities and events
Rule:
A: Given Sentence
B: Sub + had been + v4 + obj.
Make the conversation as it is shown in the example.
a) Eventually Richard found a job that suited him
A: Eventually Richard found a job that suited him.
B: He had been looking for a job.
C: He had been applying many places.
D; He had bee studying very hard.
b) When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
A: When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
B: They had been working very hard.
C: They had been visiting Pokhara
D: They had been enjoying together.
C: By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
A: By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
B: They had been climbing the mountain.
C: They had been carrying their bags.
D: They hadn’t been eating anything.
d) It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
A: It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
B: She had been suffering from fever.
C: She had been running in the sun.
D: She had been taking medicine.
e) Vivienne sighed with relief
A: Vivienne sighed with relief.
B: She had been working for a long time.
C: She had been facing a problem.
D: She had not been getting leave.
3.5. Additional Information: Relative Clause
Who = Person
Where = place
When = time
What = thing
Which = thing/animal
Whose = relation
Whom = possession
Why = reason X
How = quantity X
Sub of the first sentence, + wh word +Part of the 2nd sentence (no repeated sub), + Part of 1st sentence
If there is a preposition with the repeated sub of the second sentence, we should put it before the wh word, when we join the sentences with “which” and “whom”.
1. Phil was an excellent driver.
Phil’s forehead was covered in sweat.
· Phil, whose forehead was covered in sweat, was an excellent driver.
2. Julia hadn’t wanted to come in the first place.
The Admiral had entrusted the papers to Julia.
· Julia, to whom the Admiral had entrusted the papers, hadn’t wanted to come in the first place.
3. Alex had closed his eyes.
It had been Alex’s idea to come.
The success of the whole mission depended on Alex.
· Alex, on whom the success of the whole mission depended, which had been his idea to come, had closed his eyes.
4. Alex had just taken the gun out of his pocket.
Alex never went anywhere without his gun.
· Alex, who never went anywhere without his gun, had closed his eyes.
5. The dog was sitting facing the back window.
The dog loved travelling in fast car.
· The dog, which loved travelling in fast car, was sitting facing the back window.
6. The truck was gaining on them all the time.
They were trying so desperately to escape from the truck.
A light machinegun was clearly visible on the truck.
· The truck, on which a light machine gun was clearly visible, from where they were trying so desperately to escape, was gaining on them all the time.
3.6 Background Information
Add an appropriate relative clause to these sentences.
1. I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice,…….
I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice, where Neelam had been waiting for me.
2. At last they managed to repair the telephone……
At last they managed to repair the telephone, which had been disconnected.
3. The teacher,…………. , turned round suddenly.
The teacher, who was writing on the blackboard, turned round suddenly.
4. I eventually found the letter, ………., in my jacket pocket.
I eventually found the letter, which my friend had written to me, in my jacket pocket.
5. When I came back, I found that my car, …………, had disappeared.
When I came back, I found that my car, which I had parked outside, had disappeared.
6. We were all very grateful to Richard, ……….
We were all very grateful to Richard, who had helped us.
Composition (page: 30)
1. Write a letter to a newspaper saying how you fell about the growing use of computer in our daily live.
Adarshnagar,
Nepalgunj
4th Jan, 2012
The Editor,
The Kathmandu Post
Katmandu
Sir,
I would be grateful if my article about the growing use of computer in our daily lives will be published in your reputed newspaper. I hope millions of readers will advantage from this article.
Modern science has given many things tot us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village. Computer has become essential part of human life in the present world. Consequence, the users have been increasing day by day. Whether one is doing official or personal work, one prefers to use computer life, without computer, has become almost unimaginable. No doubt computer makes our task easier; it enables people to work efficiently and it prevents people from working in weather extremes. Undoubtedly it has made communication easer efficient and less time consuming. Nevertheless, computer does have reverse side too. Excess use of computer results into the loss of eyesight in the long run. Computer brings sex and violence in screen. Which result into the increment of sex violence. Teenagers utilize computer in such a way that their mind get corrupted and they cross social norms and values. Eventually such deeds are sure to bring social disorder. Moreover it makes people lazy and unsocial as they wish to spend much of their time with computer
If we use the computer in a proper way, it has surely more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of modern science.
Sincerely Yours
Birat Sapkota
2. Write an essay on advantages and disadvantages of computer.
Advantages and disadvantages of computer
Modern science has given many things to us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village.
There are many advantages of computer. We can use for entertainment information and as a means of communication. We can write emails and we can download important information from internet. We can watch videos, film and songs on it. We can save data on it. It reduces the costs in the office for accountants. It has become essential part of human life in the present world. The users have been increasing day by day. Computers are useful in business, in education and home. The use of computer has reduced time span of many works. Any works can be done sitting in a place and pressing few keys. It has enabled people to know happenings of the world shortly after it happens. Computer has made it easier for people to communicate in addition to saving time and money. The use of computer in education sector has brought changes in the age-old teaching materials. As in business and education computer is useful at home. Leisure time of family members does not become burden.
Computer has disadvantages as will. Due to use of computer unemployment problem has increased as computer can perform the duty that might need nearly six to seven workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous work with computer causes loss of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is widely used to see pornographic scenes, corrupts the mind of teenagers. Due to it, sex- violence increases rapidly. Computer has direct impact on culture of any nation. The high-tech crimes like hacking banks and important documents become possible due to computer. Virus is also a problem of it. If we put all the records on computer, if the file is corrupted with virus, all the record becomes useless. The social networking webs like Facebook and Twitter have created a kind of crazy mentality among teenagers.
In conclusion, if we use computer in a proper way it has more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of the modern science.
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